高炉煤气泄露危害后果定量评价

2008年12月24日9时许，唐山遵化市港陆钢铁有限公司2号高炉重力除尘器顶部泄爆板爆裂造成煤气泄漏，事故发生时当班工人共44人，共造成44人中毒，其中17人死亡，27人受伤的重大安全事故。因此高炉煤气泄漏造成中毒、爆炸等事故是高炉炼铁系统存在的主要危险有害因素之一。     

Atmospheric mercury in the marine boundary layer along a cruise path from Shanghai,China to Prydz Bay,Antarctica

The total gaseous mercury (TGM) measurements were performed using an automatic Mercury Vapor Analyze (model 2537B) aboard the Chinese research vessel (R/V) XueLong during the 24th China Antarctic Research Expedition from Shanghai, China to Prydz Bay, Antarctica in 2007. TGM ranged between 0.302 and 4.496 ng m^?3 with an average of 1.536 ± 0.785 ng m^?3 over the entire period. Geographically, TGM in the Northern Hemisphere and the Southern Hemisphere along the cruise path were 1.746 ± 0.513 and 1.471 ± 0.842 ng m^?3 in average, respectively. Higher TGM concentrations were observed in the coastal regions outside the polar region due primarily to air masses transported from the adjacent mainland reflecting the contribution from anthropogenic sources. The pronounced episode was recorded when ship passed through Sunda straits, which should be ascribed to the volcano plume and/or biomass burning contamination. In the maritime Antarctic TGM level was in agreement with the values by land-based observation, presenting a diurnal cycle with the maximum around midday and minimum at night. Atmospheric mercury destruction events dominated by the oxidation of atmospheric Hg⁰ were apparently observed in this region.     

Enhancement of the electrocatalytic oxidation of antibiotic wastewater over the conductive black carbon-PbO2 electrode prepared using novel green approach

• A novel conductive carbon black modified lead dioxide electrode is synthesized. • The modified PbO₂ electrode exhibits enhanced electrochemical performances. • BBD method could predict optimal experiment conditions accurately and reliably. • The modified electrode possesses outstanding reusability and safety. The secondary pollution caused by modification of an electrode due to doping of harmful materials has long been a big concern. In this study, an environmentally friendly material, conductive carbon black, was adopted for modification of lead dioxide electrode (PbO₂). It was observed that the as-prepared conductive carbon black modified electrode (C-PbO₂) exhibited an enhanced electrocatalytical performance and more stable structure than a pristine PbO₂ electrode, and the removal efficiency of metronidazole (MNZ) and COD by a 1.0% C-PbO₂ electrode at optimal conditions was increased by 24.66% and 7.01%, respectively. Results revealed that the electrochemical degradation of MNZ wastewater followed pseudo-first-order kinetics. This intimates that the presence of conductive carbon black could improve the current efficiency, promote the generation of hydroxyl radicals, and accelerate the removal of MNZ through oxidation. In addition, MNZ degradation pathways through a C-PbO₂ electrode were proposed based on the identified intermediates. To promote the electrode to treat antibiotic wastewater, optimal experimental conditions were predicted through the Box-Behnken design (BBD) method. The results of this study suggest that a C-PbO₂ electrode may represent a promising functional material to pretreat antibiotic wastewaters.     

TiO2光催化氧化降解乳酸的工艺及机理研究

以TiO2为催化剂、紫外灯为光源对乳酸进行光催化降解实验,考察了乳酸初始浓度、TiO2用量、反应时间、曝气方式等因素对乳酸降解率的影响,并在此基础上应用正交实验对降解条件进行优化,同时对乳酸的降解机理进行了探索研究。实验结果表明：以300 W紫外汞灯为光源,在乳酸初始浓度为0.5 g/L、TiO2量为0.20 g/L、反应时间120 min、持续通入空气鼓泡的条件下,乳酸降解效果最佳,乳酸降解率为99.9%;降解12 h总有机碳去除率达91.2%。乳酸光催化降解的反应途径为：乳酸脱羧生成乙醇,乙醇被氧化生成乙醛,进而氧化为乙酸,所有的中间产物被继续降解,最终矿化为CO2和H2O等小分子物质。     

Application of portable gas chromatography-photo ionization detector combined with headspace sampling for field analysis of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene in soils

A method based on headspace (HS) sampling coupling with portable gas chromatography (GC) with photo ionization detector (PID) was developed for rapid determination of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes (BTEX) in soils. Optimal conditions for HS gas sampling procedure were determined, and the influence of soil organic matter on the recovery of BTEX from soil was investigated using five representative Chinese soils. The results showed that the HS-portable-GC-PID method could be effectively operated at ambient temperature, and the addition of 15 ml of saturated NaCl solution in a 40-ml sampling vial and 60 s of shaking time for sample solution were optimum for the HS gas sampling procedure. The recoveries of each BTEX in soils ranged from 87.2 to 105.1 %, with relative standard deviations varying from 5.3 to 7.8 %. Good linearity was obtained for all BTEX compounds, and the detection limits were in the 0.1 to 0.8 μg kg^?1 range. Soil organic matter was identified as one of the principal elements that affect the HS gas sampling of BTEX in soils. The HS-portable-GC-PID method was successfully applied for field determination of benzene and toluene in soils of a former chemical plant in Jilin City, northeast China. Considering its satisfactory repeatability and reproducibility and particular suitability to be operated in ambient environment, HS sampling coupling with portable GC-PID is, therefore, recommended to be a suitable screening tool for rapid on-site determination of BTEX in soils.     

光催化-膜分离三相流化床循环反应装置处理酸性红B废水

耦合光催化氧化和有机膜分离技术，设计了一种新型光催化氧化-有机膜分离三相流化床循环反应装置（循环反应装置）；并对循环反应装置光催化降解酸性红B时的影响因素进行了研究。结果表明，减小膜出水通量和降低酸性红B废水浓度均有利于膜出水降解率的提高；循环反应装置中废水降解率随光催化反应器底部曝气量的增加而先增加再降低，膜分离器中废水降解率的波动则随曝气量的增加而总是在增大，其最佳曝气量为1．00m^3／h；光催化反应器中多光源布置有利于循环反应装置的稳定运行；循环反应装置可有效地处理酸性红B废水。     

Labile pools of Pb in vegetable-growing soils investigated by an isotope dilution method and its influence on soil pH

Pollution of Pb in the surface of agricultural soils is of increasing concern due to its serious impact on the plant growth and the human health through the food chain. However, the mobility, activity and bioavailability of Pb rely mainly on its various chemical species in soils. In the present study, E and L values, the labile pools of isotopically exchangeable Pb, were estimated using the method of isotope dilution in three vegetable-growing soils. The experiments involved adding a stable enriched isotope ((206)Pb > 96%) to a soil suspension and to soils in which plants are subsequently grown, the labile pools of Pb were then estimated by measuring the isotopic composition of Pb in soil solutions and in the plant tissues, respectively. In addition, the correlation of E values and soil pH was investigated at the ranges of pH 4.5-7.0. The amount of labile Pb in soils was also estimated using different single chemical extractants and a modified BCR approach. The results showed that after spiking the enriched isotopes of (206)Pb (>96%) for 24 hours an equilibration of isotopic exchanges in soil suspensions was achieved, and the isotope ratios of (208)Pb/(206)Pb measured at that time was used for calculating the E(24 h) values. The labile pools of Pb by %E(24 h) values, ranging from 53.2% to 61.7% with an average 57%, were found to be significantly higher (p < 0.05) than the values estimated with L values, single chemical extractants and the Σ(BCR) values obtained with the BCR approach, respectively. A strong negative correlation (R(2) = 0.984) between E(24 h) values and soil pH was found in the tested soil sample. The results indicate that the %E(24 h) value can more rapidly and easily predict the labile pools of Pb in soils compared with L values, but it might be readily overestimated because of the artificial soil acidity derived from the spiked isotopic tracer and the excess of spiked enriched isotopes. The results also suggest that the amounts of Pb extracted with EDTA and the Σ(BCR) values extracted with the modified BCR approach are helpful to detect the labile pools of Pb in soils. In addition, the negative correlation between soil pH and the labile pools of Pb in soils may be useful for further remediation to reduce the bioavailability of Pb in contaminated soils.     

基于贝叶斯网络的城市地震次生灾害演化机理分析

为了解城市地震次生灾害的演化路径及扩散机理,进而为城市防震救灾工作提供科学的参考依据,通过对城市地震有关资料和文献的分析,确定出城市地震次生灾害演化系统贝叶斯网络的节点变量及取值范围,并根据节点变量之间的因果关系构建出贝叶斯网络结构图。通过对国内外典型震例中的16个受灾城市相关数据进行统计,分析获得网络结构各个变量的条件概率。结合贝叶斯网络推理知识,利用贝叶斯网络工具箱分析了在相同的地震输入变量、不同的控制输入变量取值条件下,各类城市地震次生灾害的发生概率。算例分析结果表明不同的应急管理水平对城市地震各类次生灾害的发生概率有显著影响。     

Investigation on solar photocatalytic degradation of various dyes in the presence of Er3+:YAlO3/ZnO–TiO2 composite

In this work, Er³⁺:YAlO₃/ZnO–TiO₂ and ZnO–TiO₂ composites were prepared by the ultrasonic dispersion and liquid boiling method. In succession, they were then characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Acid red B as a model dye compound was degraded under solar light irradiation to evaluate the photocatalytic activities of the Er³⁺:YAlO₃/ZnO–TiO₂ and ZnO–TiO₂ composites. We found that the photocatalytic activity of ZnO–TiO₂ composite can be enhanced by adding an appropriate amount of Er³⁺:YAlO₃. We reviewed influencing factors, such as Er³⁺:YAlO₃ content, heat-treated temperature and heat-treated time on the photocatalytic activity of the Er³⁺:YAlO₃/ZnO–TiO₂ composites. In addition, the effects of solar light irradiation time, dye initial concentration, Er³⁺:YAlO₃/ZnO–TiO₂ amount and solution acidity on the photocatalytic degradation of acid red B dye in aqueous solution were investigated in detail. Simultaneously, the degradation and comparison of other dyes such as methyl orange (MO), rhodamine B (RM-B), azo fuchsine (AF), congo red (CG-R) and methyl blue (MB) were also reviewed. In addition, we attempted to explore both the principle of possible excitation of Er³⁺:YAlO₃/ZnO–TiO₂ under solar light irradiation and the mechanism of photocatalytic degradation.     

川渝地区钻井作业清洁生产技术措施浅析

针对目前钻井作业存在的环境影响问题,提出合理的清洁生产措施,是当前钻井作业环境管理的重要工作内容。通过对川渝地区钻井作业过程中产生的主要污染物及其影响程度分析,提出钻井作业各阶段的清洁生产技术措施,着重对钻井废水、废弃泥浆提出控制、削减措施以及有效的处置方案,减少对周边环境和生态的不利影响,实现绿色勘探开发。